The protection of vulnerable groups is an important symbol of social fairness and justice, so most modern countries provide detailed protection for vulnerable groups through laws. In fact, as early as the ancient Roman period, jurists began to protect vulnerable groups through law under the influence of Stoic philosophy and natural law. The typical vulnerable groups in ancient Rome include slaves, women, impoverished citizens, and other groups. Starting from the period of the Laws of Twelve Tables, there were a large number of laws to protect the personal and property rights of this group during the later classical law period and the Justinian period, and to meet the minimum living needs of some groups through systems. The practice of protecting these vulnerable groups can provide reference for China to improve the system of protecting vulnerable groups and pursue social fairness and justice.